Description

Geographical position 

Bosscha Observatory, Jl. Peneropongan Bintang No. 45, Lembang,
Kabupaten Bandung Barat, Jawa Barat 40391, West Java, Indonesia

Location 

Latitude 06°49’28’’ S, Longitude 107°36’56’’ E, Elevation 1306m above mean sea level.

IAU observatory code 

299

Description of (scientific/cultural/natural) heritage 

Prehistory of Astronomy in Indonesia -- Mohr’s observatory (1765--1780)

Johan Maurits Mohr (1716--1775) of Groningen observed the transits of Venus in 1761 and 1769, and erected a first private observatory in Batavia (today Jakarta -- a city, founded by the Dutch East India Company in 1619) in 1765 (Zuidervaart & van Gent, 2004). He had the following instruments: 3.5’’-Gregor-Reflector, John Dollond of London, Heliometer, astronomical Pendulum clock, John Shelton with deadbeat escapement after George Graham, 2.5-ft-Quadrant, John Bird of London. Mohr made besides his astronomical observations also meteorological and geomagnetic measurements. In 1780, due to an earthquake the observatory was severely damaged.

Prehistory of Astronomy in Indonesia -- Royal Magnetic and Meteorological Observatory (1874) in Batavia

Meteorological observations started in Buitenzorg (now Bogor, 50 km south of Jakarta) in the Botanic Garden, 1841 to 1855,
under the responsibility of the Academy of Sciences of the Netherlands.
Then the Hospital, Weltevreden, 1846--1848, and the Harbor where the Timeball was 1858--1861, continued.
The Meteorological and Geomagnetic Observatory in Batavia was founded (1865), and the building was erected in 1874.
It was also responsible for time-keeping. This Observatory exists until today.
Johannes Paulus van der (1851--1934): tidal studies; the observatory was supplied with a Kew Pattern Magnetograph.
 

Foundation of Bosscha Sterrenwacht (1923/28) supported by

• Nederlandsch-Indische Sterrenkundige Vereeniging (NISV), Dutch East Indies Astronomical Association (founded in 1920), a trust created by Bosscha, -- construction of the observatory, support until 1951, then under Indonesian government.
   
• Karel Albert Rudolf Bosscha (1865--1928), the son of a physicist in the Netherlands, graduated in the Polytechnical School of Delft, and became a tea tycoon and sponsor for the instrumentation; the observatory was named after him. Bosscha and Vo├╗te travelled through Europe in order to search for the best astronomical instruments.
   
• Prof. Hendrik Gerard van de Sande Bakhuyzen (1838--1923), then retired Director of the Leiden Observatory, donated his fine and extensive collection of books.

Bosscha Observatory became part of Technische Hoogeschool te Bandung (THB) -- Institut Teknologi Bandung (kurz ITB) -- Technical University in Bandung -- after it was established in 1959.
 

Bosscha Observatory Astronomers and famous Visiting Astronomers and their Research

(Hidayat & Mumpuni, Hidayat, 2000b)

Joan George Erardus Gijsbertus Vo├╗te (1879--1963), born in East Java, studied civil engineering in Delft, started as astronomer in Leiden Observatory -- specialized in double stars. In the Royal Observatory at the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa (1913--1919) he measured stellar parallaxes and double stars. He arrived in 1920 in Java at the Meteorological Observatory, and became the first director in Bosscha from 1923 to 1940. The main instrument was the Zeiss double 60-cm-Refractor (24-inch), 1926. Vo├╗te’s first scientific result was the confirmation that Proxima Centauri was part of α Centauri system (with a parallax value of 0.746’’ ± 0.006’’, Vo├╗te 1917).
 

• Antonie Pannekoek (1873--1960), University of Amsterdam, 1926 -- interested to study the southern Milky Way.
   
• Paul ten Bruggencate (1901--1961), Göttingen - 2 years, 1926 bis 1928 -- observed globular clusters, and made photometric and spectroscopic observations of variable stars, especially ╬┤ Cepheid stars, important for the cosmic distance scale.
   
• Åke Anders Edvard Wallenquist (1904--1994), University of Uppsala -- 10 years, 1925 to 1935, interested in southern galactic clusters.
   
• Egbert Adriaan Kreiken (1896--1964), Amsterdam School of Astronomy, 1928--1930, investigations of double stars.
  Later he became secondary school teacher in central Java, 1931 to 1942.
   
• G.V. Simonov, from Russia, 1936 to ..., studied double stars.
   
• Ivan Nikoloff (1921--2015) of Bulgaria (later at Perth, Australia), studied double stars.

Aernaut de Sitter (1905--1944), son of Willem de Sitter, became the next director from 1939 to 1942, interested in the globular cluster M4. During the Japanese occupation of Indonesia, Masasi Miyaji (1902--1986) was director from 1942 to 1946, and the shortly J. Hins from 1946 to 1949.  

The next influential director and first professor of astronomy at the University of Indonesia in Bandung was Gale Bruno van Albada (1912--1972) from 1949 to 1958 -- together with Elsa van Albada-van Dien (1914--2007). Albada succeeded to get the first new instrument, a 51-cm-Schmidt telescope (1958, first light 1960), it got the name Bima Sakti (that means Milky Way in Javanese mythology).

Pik Sin Thé (1927--2017), PhD from Cleveland, OH (1960), was the first Indonese director from 1959 to 1968, studying the distribution of young stars in the Milky Way with the Schmidt telescope. In 1968 he moved to the Astronomical Institute of Amsterdam.

History 

Directors

• 1923 to 1940 -- Joan George Erardus Gijsbertus Vo├╗te (1879--1963)
   
• 1939 to 1942 -- Aernaut de Sitter (1905--1944), son of Willem de Sitter
   
• 1942 to 1946 -- Masasi Miyaji [Miyadi] (1902--1986)
   
• 1946 to 1949 -- Dr. J. Hins -- together with Poldervaart, of the Army Triangulation Brigade and
  H.P. Berlage, the Director of Meteorology and Geophysics Institute in Jakarta
   
• 1949 to 1958 -- Gale Bruno van Albada (1912--1972)
   
• 1958 to 1959 -- O. P. Hok dan Santoso Nitisastro (temporary officer)
• 1959 to 1968 -- Pik Sin Thé (1927--2017)
• 1968 to 1999 -- Bambang Hidayat
• 1999 to 2004 -- Moedji Raharto
• 2004 to 2006 -- Dhani Herdiwijaya
• 2006 to 2009 -- Taufiq Hidayat
• 2009 to 2012  -- Hakim L. Malasan
• 2012 to 2018 -- Mahasena Putra
• 2018 to present -- Premana W. Primadi

Astronomical Instruments (Vo├╗te, 1933)

Astronomical Clocks

• Riefler No. 487 (sideral)
• Richter No. 110 with Riefler pendulum,
• de Casseres No. 3 -- Topographic service (sideral)
• Radio Clock room: Wagner mean time clock with Riefler pendulum
• Chronometers
• Radio receiver -- Malabar radio-time-signals transmitted daily at one o’clock GMT,
  sent from the Royal Magnetic and Meteorological Observatory at Batavia (now Jakarta).

Original Instrumentation

• 18-cm-Refractor (7-inch), donated by Professor de Sitter in January 1924, for the measurement of stellar parallaxes
  
  

  

  Fig. 6a. Zeiss double 60-cm-Refractor (1926), Bosscha Observatory (© Wikipedia 2.5)

  
  

  

  Fig. 6b. Zeiss double 60-cm-Refractor (1926), Bosscha Observatory (© Wikipedia 3, VoDeTan2 Dericks-Tan)

  
  

  
   

• 60-cm-Double Refractor (24-inch), (for visual and blue band observations), Carl Zeiss of Jena, 1925/26, first light 1928,
  visual objective the wavelengths 4860 and 6500 Å, and for the photographic objective 4050 and 4860 Å
  
  
  • Focal length 3 times the Carte du ciel refractor (Kapteyn decided)
  • Dome and rising floor by Zeiss (diameter of 11.0m and can be raised 3.8m; the floor hangs by means of steel ropes on three counter-weights, which have been given such a weight that the floor has an excess weight of 300 kg). The dome is carried by a large ball-bearing, consisting of 72 steel balls of 53mm diameter.
  • Position-micrometer, the largest size made by Carl Zeiss of Jena.
  • English mounting -- most suitable for places with a low latitude near the equator -- the telescope and its balance are placed on either side of the polar-axis (cf. Bosscha’s Carl Bamberg astrograph, the Zeiss reflector at Merate Como, the astrophotographical refractor at Catania, the Yale refractor at Johannesburg, the Victoria reflector).
  
   
• 110-mm-Comet-Seeker, Zeiss, 95cm focal length,
  own workshop an English mounting,
  used for observing variable stars
  
  

  

  Fig. 7a. 13-cm-Zeiss Refractor with astrophotographic cameras, Bosscha Observatory (© Vo├╗te, 1933)

  
  

  

  Fig. 7b. 16cm Refractor, Secretan (1884) and two short focus cameras, Bosscha Observatory (© Vo├╗te, 1933)

  
   

• 13-cm-Zeiss Refractor with Astrophotographic Cameras on one mounting
  
  
  • Zeiss A-objective, 230cm focal length, mounted by R.A. Kerkhoven
  • Zeiss Astro-Triplet camera (60mm aperture and 27cm focal length). Most of the photographic observations of variable stars obtained with this camera are made by Witlox.
  • Two Zeiss short focus cameras, viz. a Zeiss Tessar f 14.5 cm, aperture 53.5mm (1/2.7) and a Zeiss Triotar f 15.0cm, aperture 43mm (1/3.5). These cameras were specially ordered for obtaining extra┬¡focal photographs of the Southern Milky Way for Prof. Pannekoek.
  
   
• 16cm Refractor, Secretan (1884) (Chinese amateur astronomer), 215cm focal length, objective repolished by Zeiss,
  old driving clock, rebuilt by Zeiss.
  The two short focus cameras mounted on the refractor are in use for observing variable stars.
  
  

  

  Fig. 8. Astrophotographic building with sliding roof, Bosscha Observatory (© Vo├╗te, 1933)
   

  

  Fig. 9a,b. Astrophotographic Refractor (1923), Bosscha Observatory (© Bosscha)
   

• Astrophotographic Refractor (f=7m, f/18.9), ordered in 1921 from the firm Carl Bamberg of Berlin (1923) with a 19cm visual telescope, Merz of Munich.
  English mounting, building with sliding roof, photometry of variable stars.
  Two cameras are mounted at the Astrograph (used for observations of variable stars, focally and intra-focally):
  
  
  • 15-cm-Zeiss Camera, with a UV-triplet objective (150cm focal length) with objective-prisms (UV-glass). Paul ten Bruggencate (1901--1961) of Göttingen used the camera with an objective prism, and occasionally with a refracting grating, for his investigations on Cepheids.
  • 12-cm-Zeiss Camera with an Astro-Tessar objective (60cm focal length).

  

  Fig. 10a. Astrophotographic Refractor, optics: 19cm-Merz of Munich, mounting: Carl Bamberg of Berlin (1923), and two Zeiss cameras, Bosscha Observatory (© Vo├╗te, 1933)

  
  

  

  Fig. 10b. 37-cm-Refractor, optics: Bernhard Schmidt of Hamburg (1927), mounting: Carl Bamberg of Berlin, Bosscha Observatory (© Vo├╗te, 1933)

  
   

• 37-cm-Refractor, mounting: Carl Bamberg of Berlin, optics: Bernhard Schmidt of Hamburg (1927), Prof. Ejnar Hertzsprung (1873--1967) pointed out that the 37cm visual objective (700cm focal length) was made by Bernhard Schmidt.
   
• 90-mm-Transit instrument, constructed by Carl Bamberg of Berlin (broken-axis type, focal length of 92cm), donated by R.A. Kerkhoven.
  This instrument has been used for surveying by the Geodetic Section of the Topographie Service (1923 to 1926), with a fixed and a movable-wire micrometer, and the necessary double-level arrangement, so that it can be used for Talcott observations.
  

  

  Fig. 11. 51-cm-Schmidt telescope (1958), Bosscha Observatory (© Bosscha)

• 51-cm-Schmidt telescope (51cm/71cm, f=1.27m, f/2.5), 1958 (Bima Sakti), with a field of 5° x 5°,
  through a UNESCO project that was started in 1951 by van Albada, the optics for the Schmidt-telescope were donated and made by Yerkes Observatory under the supervision of Gerrit Pieter Kuiper (1905--1973), a former Leiden astronomer; the mechanical parts were contracted by the Indonesian government with the engineering firm Rademakers of Rotterdam, under the supervision of Ir. B.G. Hooghoudt of Leiden -- with the help of Jan Hendrik Oort (1900--1992) of Leiden.
  In addition a 6° objective prism was used for spectroscopic work, dispersion of 312 Å per mm.
  1960 first light: Survey of Hydrogen emission-line stars in the direction of the galactic center, also for class M stars, and Wolf-Rayet stars.
  
  

  Modern instruments

  • Cassegrain 45-cm-reflecting telescope, GOTO (1988/89), donated from Japan, used with spectrometer
     
  • 13-cm-Unitron-Refractor -- replaced by 28-cm-Schmidt-Cassegrain-Reflector (f/6.3) -- STEVia telescope (Survey Telescope for Exoplanet and Variable star), 2013
  • GAO-ITB RTS (Remote Telescope System), 28-cm-Schmidt-Cassegrain-Reflector with Spectrograph NEO - R1000 (2005)
  • 36-cm-Bosscha Robotic Telescope (BRT), f/7.2 with CCD, for detecting NEA (Near Earth Asteroid)
    Surya Telescope -- Solar Telescope with 3 Coronado and 3 different filters (H-α, Calcium II, and white light)
    

    

    Fig. 12a,b. Radio Telescopes, 6m Hidrogen and small 2.3m, Bosscha Observatory (© Wikipedia 3, ArdWar

  • Telescope Radio Hidrogen (diameter of 6m), 21cm
  • SRT (Small Radio Telescope), 2.3m Bosscha radio telescope, designed by the MIT-Haystack Observatory and made by Cassi Corporation
  • JOVE Radio telescope (dual-dipole array antenna), designed by NASA JOVE Radio Project that is intended to observe radio bursts from Jupiter and Type III solar bursts.

  Measuring apparatus

  • Zeiss Stereocomparator of large type, fitted with a "blink"-microscope, photographic plates 30 x 30 cm.
  • Gaertner measuring machine of the weil known pattern designed by Frank Schlesinger (1871--1943) for measuring parallax plates.
  • Hartmann photometer -- Moll thermopile photometer, Carl Bamberg of Berlin:
    used for photometric measurements we have an instrument which can be used as a Hartmann photometer for measuring the blackness of extrafocal images. After changing certain attachments it can be used as a thermopile photometer with a Moll Vacuum thermopile and a Moll galvanometer.

   

State of preservation 

Bosscha Observatory is the oldest modern observatory in Indonesia, and one of the oldest in Asia.
The aim is to preserve the tangible and the intangible heritage.
Restoration activities ....
The Bosscha Observatory is under monument protection, it was declared as a Cultural Heritage Property
by the Government in 2004 and is declared as a National Vital Object since 2008.
The perspective is to prepare to be a candidate for a Astronomy & World Heritage site.

Comparison with related/similar sites 

The Bosscha Observatory is an ensemble of 9 ha in an astronomy park, comparable with Nice, La Plata, Hamburg and other observatories. There exists a fine collection of instruments made by German instrument makers like Zeiss of Jena, Merz of Munich, Carl Bamberg of Berlin, Bernhard Schmidt of Hamburg, and Riefler of Nesselwang. Very interesting is the early Schmidt telescope from the 1950s similar to the large Hamburg Schmidt telescope.

Threats or potential threats 

no threats

Present use 

The observatory is still in use for astronomical research.
 

In addition there are outreach activitites for the public (since 1933).

In the Kerkhoven House is the first Museum of Astronomy in Indonesia.

Astronomical relevance today 

Bosscha Observatory has played a major role in modern astronomical research in the Southern hemisphere.
The main research topics are double stars, variable stars, stellar evolution, stellar and planetary spectroscopy, and in addition galactic structure, cosmology, and extrasolar planets.
There is a Minor Planet Center.
Astronomy in new wavelengths ....

References

Bibliography (books and published articles) 

• Ammarell, G.: Sky calenders of the Indo-Malay Archipelago. In: G. Swarup et al. (1987), pp. 241-247.
  
  
• Anwar, B., Kambry, M.A., & Setiahadi, B.: Meteorological survey of solar observing sites in Indonesia. In: Kaifu, N. (ed.): Ground-Based Astronomy in Asia. Proceedings of the Third East-Asian Meeting on Astronomy, July 17-21, 1995, Tokyo, Japan. Tokyo: National Astronomical Observatory of Japan 1996, pp. 538--540.
  
  
• Aveni, A.F.: Tropical archaeoastronomy. In: Science 213 (1981), pp. 161--171.
  
  
• Blaauw, Adriaan: My cruise through the world of astronomy. In: Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 42 (2004), pp. 1--37.
  
  Blaauw, Adriaan: Oort, Jan Hendrik. In: Hockey, T. et al. (2014), pp. 1615--1618.
  
  
• Broughton, P.: Ten Bruggencate, Paul. In: Hockey, T. et al. (2014), pp. 2135--2137.
  
  
• Daldjoeni, N. & B. Hidaya: Astronomical aspects of pranotomongso of the 19th century Central Java. In: Swarup, G. et al. (1987), pp. 249-252.
  
  
• Dawanas, D.N.; Malasan, H.L.; Mahasena, P. & M. Irfan:  Spectroscopic monitoring of Southern Be stars. In: Prijamboedi, B. et al. (eds.): Proceeding of the 2nd International Conference on Mathematics and Natural Sciences (ICMNS) 2008. Bandung: Institut Teknologi Bandung 2008, pp. 1380-1387.
  
  
• Dekker, Eli: Early explorations of the southern celestial sky. In: Annals of Science 44 (1987), pp. 439-470.
  
  
• Drilling, J.S.: Space distribution of stars in the Southern Milky Way. I. A region in Norma. In: Astronomical Journal 73 (1968), 590-610.
  
  
• Epifania, P. & E.S. Mumpuni: Bosscha Observatory: challenges as a scientific heritage of astronomy in Indonesia. In: Valls-Gabaud, D. & A. Boksenberg (eds.): The Role of Astronomy
  in Society and Culture. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union, IAU Symposium, Volume 260 (2011), pp. 235-240.
  
  
• Fatima, S.: Ethnoastronomy in Madura, Indonesia: The observation of lunar and solar eclipses. In: Orchiston, W. & M. Vahia (2018).
  
  
• Glass, Ian S.: Proxima Centauri: The Nearest Star (Other than our Sun!). Cape Town: Mons Mensa 2009.
  
  
• Haansbroek, N.D.: Prof. F. Kaiser and S.H. De Lange in hun Relatie tot de Astronomiesche Plaatsbepalingen van Omtrent 1850 in her Voormalige Ned Indes. Delft: Rijkscommissie voor Geodesie 1977 (in Dutch).
  
  
• Hariawang, I.I., Simatupang, F.M., Radiman, I., & Mumpuni, E.S.: Orientation of Borobudur’s east gate measured against the sunrise position during the vernal equinox. In: Nakamura, T.; Orchiston, Wayne; Sôma, M. & R. Strom (eds.): Mapping the Oriental Sky: Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Oriental Astronomy (ICOA-7). Tokyo: National Astronomical Observatory of Japan 2011, pp. 37-42.
  
  
• Heijden, P.: Kaiser, Frederik. In: Hockey, T. et al. (2014), pp. 1151-1153.
  
  
• Herbig, G.H.: The youngest stars. In: Scientific American (August 1967), pp. 30-36.
  
  
• Hidayat, Bambang: Astronomy in Indonesia. In: Kogure, T. & B. Hidayat (eds.): Galactic Structure and Variable Stars. Proceedings of the Six-Year Co-operation in Astronomy Between Indonesia and Japan 1979-1984. Kyoto: Kyoto University 1985, pp. 8-24.
  
  
• Hidayat, Bambang: Indo-Malay astronomy. In: Selin, H. & X. Sun (eds.): Astronomy Across Cultures. The History of Non-Western Astronomy. Dordrecht: Kluwer 2000a, pp. 371-384.
  
  
• Hidayat, Bambang: Under a tropical sky: a history of astronomy in Indonesia. In: Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage 3 (2000b), pp. 45-58.
  
  
• Hidayat, Bambang: A short history of astronomy in Indonesia. In: Wamsteker, W.; Albrecht, R. & H.J. Haubold (eds.): Developing Basic Space Science World-Wide. A Decade of UN/ESA Workshops. Dordrecht: Kluwer 2004, pp. 61-76.
  
  
• Hidayat, Bambang & M.I. Arifyanto: Small telescopes utilization for research. In: Proceedings of the Symposium at Gunma Observatory, 26-27 October. Gunma: Gunma Observatory 1998, pp. 70-74.
  
  
• Hidayat, Bambang & V.M. Blanco: Distribution of giant M stars in the Galactic Disk. In: Astronomical Journal 73 (1968), pp. 712-716.
  
  
• Hidayat, Bambang; Putra, M.; McCain, C. & H.L. Malasan: The new telescope at the Bosscha Observatory. In: Isida, K. & B. Hidayat (eds.): Evolution of Stars and Galactic Structure. Proceedings of The Three Years Cooperation in Astronomy between Indonesia and Japan, 1981-1991. Bandung: Institut Teknologi Bandung 1991.
  
  
• Hidayat, T.; Mahasena, P.; Dermawan, B.; Hadi, T.W.; Premadi, P.W. & D. Herdiwijaya: Clear sky fraction above Indonesia: an analysis for astronomical site selection. In: Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 427 (2012), pp. 1903-1917
  
  
• Hidayat, T.; Munir, A.; Dermawan, B.; Jaelani, A.T.; Léon, S. & 19 other authors: Radio frequency interference measurements in Indonesia. A survey to establish a radio astronomy observatory. In: Experimental Astronomy 37 (2014), pp. 85-108.
  
  
• Hidayat, T.; Dermawan, B.; Mahasena, P.; Munir, A.; Nurzaman, M.Z. & A.T. Jaelani: Radio frequency interference measurement in site testing programs for the future multi-wavelength observatory in Indonesia. AIP Conference Proceedings 1677 (2015), 1, id.050002.
  
  
• Hins, C.D.: Astronomie. In: Macdonald, P.J.W.; Braber, P. & H.G. Derx (eds.): Een Eeuw Natuurwetenschap in Indonesie. Jakarta: Konink Natuurk Vereeniging 1950 (in Dutch).
  
  
• Hockey, T. et al. (eds.): Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers. New York: Springer (2nd edition) 2014.
  
  
• Hoffleit, D.: An objective-prism spectrum of W Velorum. In: Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 79 (1967), pp. 607-610.
  
  
• Houziaux, L.: Van Albada, Gale Bruno. In: Hockey, T. et al. (2014), p. 2207.
  
  
• Ibrahim, J.: Astronomy: theme and variations. In 50 Tahun Pendidikan Tinggi Astronomi di Indonesia (Memoir Book of 50 years of Higher Education of Astronomy in Indonesia). Bandung: Institut Teknologi Bandung 2001, pp. 73-87.
  
  
• Ibrahim, J.: Sur les zéros des vecteurs holomorphes de certaines variétiés kählériennes. In: Comptes Rendus de l’Académie de Science Paris 272 (1972), pp. 980-982 (in French).
  
  
• Ibrahim, J., & A. Lichnerowicz: Fibrés vectoriels, holomorphes, structure symplectiques ou unimodulaires complexes exactes. In: Comptes Rendus de l’Académie de Science Paris 283 (1976), pp. 713-717 (in French).
  
  
• Jäger, F.W.: Paul ten Bruggencate. In: Mitteilungen der Astronomischen Gesellschaft 15 (1962), pp. 21-23.
  
  
• Jasinta, D.M.D.: A database for visual double stars observed at Bosscha Observatory. In: Leung, K.-C. (ed.): The Third Pacific Rim Conference on Recent Development of Binary Star Research. San Francisco: Astronomical Society of the Pacific (ASP Conference Series, Vol. 130) 1997, pp. 135-138.
  
  
• Kapteyn, J.C.: First attempt at a theory of the arrangement and motion of the sidereal system. In: Astrophysical Journal 55 (1922), pp. 302-328.
  
  
• Khairunnisa, S.A.; Nikeu, N. & T. Hidayat: Astronomical aspects of the Prambanan Temple in Central Java, Indonesia. In: Orchiston, Wayne & M. Vahia (2018).
  
  
• Kitamura, M.: Toast for the 50th Anniversary Meetings on Modern Astronomy at ITB and some personal reminiscences. In: 50 Tahun Pendidikan Tinggi Astronomi di Indonesia (Memoir Book of 50 years of Higher Education of Astronomy in Indonesia. Bandung: Institut Teknologi Bandung 2001, pp. 89-90.
  
  
• Knobel, E.B.: On Frederick de Houman’s catalogue of the southern stars. In: Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 77 (1917), pp. 414-432.
  
  
• Kogure, T.: Cooperation in astronomy between Indonesia and Japan. In: Astrophysics and Space Science 118 (1986), pp. 39-43.
  
  
• Kuiper, G.P.: Astronomy in the Netherlands Indies. In: Honig, P. & F. Verdoorn (eds.): Science and Scientists in the Netherlands Indies. New York: Board for the Netherlands Indies, Surinam and Curacao 1945, pp. 221-226.
  
  
• Malasan, H.L.; Okazaki, A.; Yamasaki, A. & G. Hadiyanto: Photometric research with a small telescope (Bamberg 37-cm. refractor) at Bosscha Observatory Indonesia. In: Hearnshaw, J.B. & P.L. Cottrell (eds.): Instrumentation and Research Programmes for Small Telescopes held in Christchurch, New Zealand, December 2-6, 1985. Dordrecht: Reidel Publishing Company 1986, pp. 303-304.
  
  
• Malasan, H.L.; Yamasaki, A.; Hadiyanto, G. & M. Kondo: δ Capricorni: an evolved binary or a main-sequence binary? In: Astronomical Journal 97 (1989), pp. 499-504.
  
  
• Malasan, H.L.; Yamamuro, T.; Takeyama, N.; Kawakita, H.; Kinugasa, K.; Hidayat, B.; Setyanto, H. & I. Ibrahim: Design and implementation of a new compact spectrograph for astronomical research and education. In: Djamal, M.; Kanoun, O.; Sesa, E. & H.-R. Traenker (eds.): Proceedings of the Indonesia-German Conference on Instrumentation, Measurements and Communication for the Future. Bandung: Institut Teknologi Bandung 2001, pp. 159-165.
  
  
• Mahasena, P.; Hidayat, T.; Dermawan, B.; Lestari, I.A.; Irfan, M. & D. Herdiwijaya: Study of Nusa Tenggara Timur as an astronomical site using meteorological satellite data. In: Proceedings of the Conference of Indonesia Astronomy and Astrophysics. Bandung: ITB Press 2010, pp. 137-142.
  
  
• McCuskey, S.W.: Warner & Swasey Observatory report. In: Astronomical Journal 72 (1967), pp. 1145-1152.
  
  
• Miyadi, M.M.: The transfer of the Bosscha Observatory. In: Astronomical Herald 68 (1975), pp. 319-321.
  
  
• Mohr, J.M.: Transitus Veneris & Mercurii in eorum exitae disco solis, 4to mensis Junii & 10mo Novembris, 1769, observata. In: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 61 (1771), pp. 433-436 (in Latin).
  
  
• Mumpuni, E.S.: Kajian pembangunan situs observatorium pengamat Matahari di Indonesia Timur. In: Suratno; Yatini, C.Y. & T. Djamaluddin (eds.): Matahari dan Lingkungan Antariksa, Volume 4. Dian Rakyat 2010, pp. 86-94 (in Indonesia).
  
  
• Mumpuni, E.S.: Mengenal Observatorium Nasional. In: Buletin Cuaca Antariksa 5 (2016), 6, pp. 21-22 (in Indonesia).
  
  
• Mumpuni, E.S.; Herdiwijaya, D. & C.Y. Yatini: The present status of solar physics and space weather research in Indonesia. In: Komonjinda, S.; Kovalev, Y. & D. Ruffolo (eds.): Proceedings of the 11th Asian-Pacific Regional Meeting of the IAU, Chiang Mai, Thailand. Chiang Mai: National Astronomical Research Institute of Thailand 2012, pp. 42-46.
  
  
• Mumpuni, E.S.; Orchiston, W. & W. Steinicke: Dr J.A.C. Oudemans’ observations of the 18 August 1868 and 12 December 1871 total solar eclipses from the Dutch East Indies. In: Nakamura, T. & W. Orchiston (2017).
  
  
• Mumpuni, E.S.; Sulistiani, S.; Yatini, C.Y.; Suryana, N.; Malasan, H.L. & D. Herdiwdjaja: Preliminary report from the astronomy site testing for the candidate of observatory in SPD LAPAN Biak. In: Proceedings of the Conference of the Indonesia Astronomy and Astrophysics. Bandung: ITB Press 2010, pp. 149-154.
  
  
• Mumtahana, F. & E.S. Mumpuni: Ekpsedisi ke kandidat situs observatorium Nasional di Kupang, NTT. In: Buletin Cuaca Antariksa 4 (2015), 3, pp. 5-7 (in Indonesia).
  
  
• Nakamura, T. & Wayne Orchiston (eds.): The Emergence of Astrophysics in Asia: Opening a New Window on the Universe. Cham: Springer 2017.
  
  
• Nitisastro, S.: The urgent need of a well equipped observatory near the Equator for fundamental spectro-photometry of selected Standard Stars. In: Thé, P.-S. (ed.): Standards for Stellar Photometry and Spectral Classification: Proceedings of an Astronomical Symposium held in Bandung, Indonesia. Bandung: Institut Teknologi Bandung 1963.
  
  
• Orchiston, Wayne: Studying the history of Indonesian astronomy: future prospects and possibilities. In: Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage 20 (2017), pp. 145-154.
  
  
• Orchiston, Wayne & M. Vahia (eds.): Exploring the History of Southeast Asian Astronomy: A Review of Current Projects and Future Prospects and Possibilities. Cham: Springer 2018.
  
  
• Orchiston, Wayne; Steinicke, Wolfgang & E.S. Mumpuni: Dr J.A.C. Oudemans and nineteenth century astronomy in the Dutch East Indies. In: Orchiston, Wayne & M. Vahia (2018).
  
  
• O’Connell, J.K.: Obituary Notices: Joan George Erardus Gijsbertus Vo├╗te. In: Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society 5 (1964), pp. 296-297.
  
  
• Premadi, Premani; Martel, H. & R. Matzner: Light propagation in inhomogeneous Universes. I. Methodology and preliminary results. In: Astrophysical Journal 493 (1998), pp. 10-27.
  
  
• Raharto, M.: Study of Galactic Structure Based on M-type Stars. Ph.D. thesis, University of Tokyo 1996.
  
  
• Raharto, M.; Hamajima, K.; Ichikawa, T.; Ishida, K. & Bambang Hidayat: A catalogue of M type stars. In: Annals of the Tokyo Astronomical Observatory, Second Series 19 (1984), pp. 469-552.
  
  
• Sastroamidjojo, M.S.A.: Present and future of astronomical science at Gadjah Mada University, Central Java, Indonesia. In: Astrophysics and Space Science 118 (1986), pp. 99-100.
  
  
• Setiahadi, B.; Anwar, B.; Widodo, N.; Kambry, M.A. & E. Hiei: Ground-based solar physics research at Watukosek Solar Observatory Lapan, Indonesia. In: N. Kaifu (ed.): Ground-Based Astronomy in Asia. Proceedings of the Third East-Asian Meeting on Astronomy, July 17-21, 1995, Tokyo, Japan. Tokyo: National Astronomical Observatory of Japan 1996, pp. 70-77.
  
  
• Sutantyo, W.: Supernova explosions in close binary systems. II. Runaway velocities of X-ray binaries. In: Astronomy and Astrophysics 41 (1975), pp. 47-52.
  
  
• Swarup, G.: The early development of Indian radio astronomy: a personal perspective. In: Nakamura, T. & Wayne Orchiston (2017).
  
  
• Swarup, G.; Bag, A.G. & K.S. Shukla (eds.): History of Oriental Astronomy. Proceedings of an International Astronomical Union Colloquium No. 91, New Delhi, India, 13-16 November 1985. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1987.
  
  
• Swarup, G.; Sukumar, S. & Bambang Hidayat: Giant Equatorial Radio Telescope. In: Astrophysics and Space Sciences 99 (1984), pp. 403-407.
  
  
• Thé, P.-S.: The new Schmidt-type telescope of the Bosscha Observatory. In: Contributions of the Bosscha Observatory 9 (1961).
  
  
• Thé, P.-S.: Address. In: Thé, P.-S. (ed.): Standards for Stellar Photometry and Spectral Classification: Proceedings of an Astronomical Symposium held in Bandung, Indonesia. Bandung: Institut Teknologi Bandung 1963.
  
  
• Trimble, V.: Kuiper, Gerard Peter. In: Hockey, T. et al. (2014), pp. 1252-1254.
  
  
• Van Albada, Gale Bruno: Der hypothese van het pre-stellaire stadium (in Dutch). The inaugural speech of his Professorship in Astronomy, at the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Indonesia, Bandung, 18 October 1951. Translated into Indonesian by I. Radiman, and published in 50 Tahun Pendidikan Tinggi Astronomi di Indonesia (Memoir Book of 50 Years of Higher Education of Astronomy in Indonesia) 1951.
  
  
• Van Albada-van Dien, E.: The Bosscha Schmidt Telescope. In: Chapman, J.; Cannon, R.; Harrison, S. & B. Hidayat (eds.): The Future Utilization of the Schmidt Telescope. San Francisco: Astronomical Society of the Pacific (ASP Conference Series 84) 1994, pp. 15-18.
  
  
• Van der Hucht, Karel A.: A plan for a new generation 2-meter class telescope in Indonesia. In: Astrophysics and Space Sciences 99 (1984), pp. 409-410.
  
  
• Van der Hucht, Karel A. & C.L.M. Kerkhoven: De Bosccha-Sterrenwacht: van thee tot sterrenkunde. In: Zenit (July-August 1982), pp. 292-300 (in Dutch).
  
  
• Van der Kruit, P.C. & K. van Berkel: The Legacy of J.C. Kapteyn and the Development of Modern Astronomy. Dordrecht: Kluwer 2000.
  
  
• Van Gent, Rob H.: Observations of the 1761 and 1769 transits of Venus from Batavia (Dutch East Indies). In D.W. Kurtz (ed.): Transits of Venus: New Views of the Solar System and the Galaxy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2005, pp. 67-73.
  
  
• Vo├╗te, J.: A 13th magnitude star in Centaurus, with the same parallax as a Centauri. In: Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 77 (1917), pp. 650-651.
  
  
• Vo├╗te, J.: Description of the observatory (with a Dutch introduction). In: Annals of the Bosscha Observatory Lembang (Java) Indonesia 1 (1933), pp. A1-A27.
  
  
• Waelkens, C.: Pannekoek, Antonie. In: Hockey, T. et al. (2014), pp. 1641-1643.
  
  
• Zuidervaart, H.J. & Rob H. van Gent: A bare outpost of learned European culture on the edge of the jungles of Java - Johan Maurits Mohr (1716--1775) and the emergence of instrumental and institutional science in Dutch colonial Indonesia. In: Isis 95 (2004), pp. 1-33.
  

Links to external sites